出国留学首选一诺留学

　　老托福阅读100篇相对TPO要简单一些，也是伴随托福备考学员的很重要的一份资料，对于基础薄弱，做TPO真题阅读需要过渡的考生来说再适合不过了，今天一诺留学小编给大家分享的是老托福阅读100篇之竹屋怎样防御外界的侵害，希望考生认真练习。

　　竹屋怎样防御外界的侵害

　　Plants are subject to attack and infection by a remarkable variety of symbiotic species and have evolved a diverse array of mechanisms designed to frustrate the potential colonists. These can be divided into preformed or passive defense mechanisms and inducible or active systems. Passive plant defense comprises physical and chemical barriers that prevent entry of pathogens, such as bacteria, or render tissues unpalatable or toxic to the invader. The external surfaces of plants, in addition to being covered by an epidermis and a waxy cuticle, often carry spiky hairs known as trichomes, which either prevent feeding by insects or may even puncture and kill insect larvae. Other trichomes are sticky and glandular and effectively trap and immobilize insects.

　　If the physical barriers of the plant are breached, then preformed chemicals may inhibit or kill the intruder, and plant tissues contain a diverse array of toxic or potentially toxic substances, such as resins, tannins, glycosides, and alkaloids, many of which are highly effective deterrents to insects that feed on plants. The success of the Colorado beetle in infesting potatoes, for example, seems to be correlated with its high tolerance to alkaloids that normally repel potential pests. Other possible chemical defenses, while not directly toxic to the parasite, may inhibit some essential step in the establishment of a parasitic relationship. For example, glycoproteins in plant cell walls may inactivate enzymes that degrade cell walls. These enzymes are often produced by bacteria and fungi.

　　Active plant defense mechanisms are comparable to the immune system of vertebrate animals, although the cellular and molecular bases are fundamentally different. Both, however, are triggered in reaction to intrusion, implying that the host has some means of recognizing the presence of a foreign organism. The most dramatic example of an inducible plant defense reaction is the hypersensitive response. In the hypersensitive response, cells undergo rapid necrosis ?a that is, they become diseased and die ?a after being penetrated by a parasite; the parasite itself subsequently ceases to grow and is therefore restricted to one or a few cells around the entry site. Several theories have been put forward to explain the basis of hypersensitive resistance.

　　1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

　　(A) The success of parasites in resisting plant defense mechanisms

　　(B) Theories on active plant defense mechanisms

　　(C) How plant defense mechanisms function

　　(D) How the immune system of animals and the defense mechanisms of plants differ

　　2. The phrase "subject to" in line 1 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) susceptible to

　　(B) classified by

　　(C) attractive to

　　(D) strengthened by

　　3. The word "puncture" in line 8 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) pierce

　　(B) pinch

　　(C) surround

　　(D) cover .

　　4. The word "which" in line 12 refers to

　　(A) tissues

　　(B) substances

　　(C) barriers

　　(D) insects

　　5. Which of the following substances does the author mention as NOT necessarily being toxic to the Colorado beetle?

　　(A) resins

　　(B) tannins

　　(C) glycosides

　　(D) alkaloids

　　6. Why does the author mention "glycoproteins" in line 17?

　　(A) to compare plant defense mechanisms to the immune system of animals

　　(B) to introduce the discussion of active defense mechanisms in plants

　　(C) to illustrate how chemicals function in plant defense

　　(D) to emphasize the importance of physical barriers in plant defense

　　7. The word "dramatic" in line 23 could best be replaced by

　　(A) striking

　　(B) accurate

　　(C) consistent

　　(D) appealing

　　8. Where in the passage does the author describe an active plant-defense reaction?

　　(A) Lines 1-3

　　(B) Lines 4-6

　　(C) Lines 13-15

　　(D) Lines 24-27

　　9. The passage most probably continues with a discussion of theories on

　　(A) the basis of passive plant defense

　　(B) how chemicals inhibit a parasitic relationship.

　　(C) how plants produce toxic chemicals

　　(D) the principles of the hypersensitive response.

　　答案：CAABD CADD

　　以上内容就是老托福阅读100篇之竹屋怎样防御外界的侵害介绍，希望对大家的托福考试有帮助。如需了解更多留学考试的相关信息，欢迎拨打一诺留学的免费热线400-003-6508或者010-62680991进行出国留学咨询，或者点击一诺留学官方网站http://www.yinuoedu.net/页面的“在线咨询”与一诺留学专家直接对话。