出国留学首选一诺留学

　　第一种类型：人称代词类

　　英语指代中的人称代词有单数形式：I，you，he，she，it;复数形式：we，they;人称代词宾语形式：me，him，them，物主代词：yours，his，her，its，their等。对于这类代词出题的指代题，一般较简单，考生可以在代词前面寻找相关内容解题，在解题时也要利用人称相关的谓语动词、从属名词等信息解题。比如TPO2 The Origins of Cetaceans第5题：

　　Paragraph 3: …It has been suggested that Pakicetus fed on fish in shallow water and was not yet adapted for life in the open ocean. It probably bred and gave birth on land.

　　题目： The word “It” in the passage refers to

　　○Pakicetus

　　○fish

　　○life

　　○ocean

　　分析：考生可以看到it作主语，后面的谓语动词是bred 和 gave birth，所以it指的是一种生物，由此可以排除后两个选项;往前看，前一句是主语后置，提到了Pakicetus 这种生物，所以后面的it是有具体指代对象的，第一个选项正确。

　　第二种类型：指示代词类

　　指示代词主要包括this， that， these， those等。this和that通常指代某个观点事物或现象， these和those通常指复数形式下的某些观点事物或意见。考生在解题时可以利用单复数形式来有效排除选项，并一般往前找相关信息确定选项。比如TPO1 The Origins of Theater中的第5题：

　　Paragraph 2: … As a person becomes more sophisticated, its conceptions of supernatural forces and causal relationships may change. As a result, it may abandon or modify some rites. But the myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the group’s oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites. When this occurs, the first step has been taken toward theater as an autonomous activity, and thereafter entertainment and aesthetic values may gradually replace the former mystical and socially efficacious concerns.

　　题目：The word “this” in the passage refers to

　　○the acting out of rites

　　○the divorce of ritual performers from the rest of society

　　○the separation of myths from rites

　　○the celebration of supernatural forces

　　分析：首先根据this本身是个单数形式，可以先结合选项看看有没有复数形式的答案，四个选项都是单数;往前看，前一句的主干是: the myths may continue … and may come…，这是陈述的一种猜想。接下来的谓语动词是 occurs，说明this指的是一种情况，这种情况应该是距离指示代词最近的一个情况，也就是“come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites”，和第三个选项一致。

　　第三种类型：关系代词类

　　关系代词主要包括which，who，whom等。由于这种类型的代词往往指代紧挨的名词，较简单，所以这类题型较少考到，但是考生要熟悉在句子中代词的用法。比如TPO-9 Reflection in Teaching中的一句：They describe the initial understanding in the teachers with whom they were working as being “utilitarian … and not rich or detailed enough to drive systematic reflection.”句子中的代词whom指代的是前面的teachers。

　　第四种类型：不定代词类

　　不定代词主要包括some，any，every，each，none等。这类代词通常指的都是该词前后与其关系最紧密的名词主语,但是也要结合代词对应的内容含义来具体分析，考生在解题时也可以根据单复数形式高效排除一些选项。例如Online Test Opportunists and Competitors中的第2题：

　　Paragraph 1: Growth, reproduction, and daily metabolism all require an organism to expend energy. The expenditure of energy is essentially a process of budgeting, just as finances are budgeted. If all of one’s money is spent on clothes, there may be none left to buy food or go to the movies. Similarly, a plant or animal cannot squander all its energy on growing a big body if none would be left over for reproduction, for this is the surest way to extinction.

　　题目：. The word “none” in the passage refers to

　　○ food

　　○ plant or animal

　　○ energy

　　○ big body

　　分析：可以先判断none对应单数形式，none前面的名词有big body、energy、a plant or animal，但是根据所在none后面的内容be left over for reproduction可以判定距离代词最近的big body是不正确的，而energy在意思上是合适的，所以第三个选项正确。

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